🔢 Operators

Introduction

Operators in Java are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. They help manipulate data and perform calculations in a Java program.

Why Use Operators?

Perform arithmetic calculations (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication).
Compare values (e.g., checking equality or greater/less than conditions).
Assign values (e.g., storing a result in a variable).
Manipulate bits (e.g., shifting bits in binary operations).

Types of Operators in Java

Java provides several types of operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators

Used for basic mathematical calculations.

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Addition	`a + b`
`-`	Subtraction	`a - b`
`*`	Multiplication	`a * b`
`/`	Division	`a / b`
`%`	Modulus (Remainder)	`a % b`

Example:

int a = 10, b = 5;
System.out.println(a + b); // Output: 15
System.out.println(a % b); // Output: 0

2. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Example	Equivalent To
`=`	`a = b`	Assign `b` to `a`
`+=`	`a += b`	`a = a + b`
`-=`	`a -= b`	`a = a - b`
`*=`	`a *= b`	`a = a * b`
`/=`	`a /= b`	`a = a / b`
`%=`	`a %= b`	`a = a % b`

Example:

int x = 5;
x += 3; // x = x + 3
System.out.println(x); // Output: 8

3. Relational (Comparison) Operators

Used to compare two values.

Operator	Description	Example
`==`	Equal to	`a == b`
`!=`	Not equal to	`a != b`
`>`	Greater than	`a > b`
`<`	Less than	`a < b`
`>=`	Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`
`<=`	Less than or equal to	`a <= b`

Example:

int a = 10, b = 5;
System.out.println(a > b); // Output: true
System.out.println(a == b); // Output: false

4. Logical Operators

Used to perform logical operations.

Operator	Description	Example
`&&`	Logical AND	`(a > b) && (b < c)`
`\\|\\|`	Logical OR	`(a > b) \|\| (b > c)`
`!`	Logical NOT	`!(a > b)`

Example:

boolean x = true, y = false;
System.out.println(x && y); // Output: false
System.out.println(x || y); // Output: true

5. Bitwise Operators

Used for bitwise operations on binary numbers.

Operator	Description	Example
`&`	Bitwise AND	`a & b`
`\\|`	Bitwise OR	`a \| b`
`^`	Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b`
`~`	Bitwise Complement	`~a`
`<<`	Left Shift	`a << 2`
`>>`	Right Shift	`a >> 2`

Example:

int a = 5, b = 3;
System.out.println(a & b); // Output: 1
System.out.println(a | b); // Output: 7

6. Unary Operators

Used with a single operand.

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Unary plus	`+a`
`-`	Unary minus	`-a`
`++`	Increment	`a++` (post-increment) / `++a` (pre-increment)
`--`	Decrement	`a--` (post-decrement) / `--a` (pre-decrement)

Example:

int a = 5;
System.out.println(++a); // Output: 6
System.out.println(a--); // Output: 6 (then a becomes 5)

7. Ternary Operator

A shorthand for if-else conditions.

Operator	Description	Example
`? :`	Ternary (if-else)	`result = (a > b) ? a : b;`

Example:

int a = 10, b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
System.out.println(max); // Output: 20

Conclusion

Operators in Java are fundamental building blocks that allow developers to perform calculations, comparisons, and logical operations efficiently. Understanding these operators is essential for writing clean and optimized Java programs.

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